The foamy ear bones rewrite the date of sweet water fish

When the saline water fish was ready to live in fresh water long ago, many of them also developed a more sophisticated hearing system, including middle ear bones, like humans.

Today, two-thirds of all fish fishes-including more than 10,000 species, including catfish to popular aquarium fish, such as tetras and zebra fish, have a middle ear system, called Woon apparatus, which can most of them hear the sound of human beings.

The University of California, Berkeley, a physician, has now used the structure of this website apparatus to revise the original story for the evolution of a freshwater fish in a newly discovered foam fish.

It was believed that Otophyson was known as the fish, which was believed to have gone into fresh water about 180 million years ago, before we are seeing today in the Super Continent of Panjia.

Based on Liu’s new timeline, he is now born after the beginning of the breakdown of Panjia and with the appearance of today’s oceans, 154 million years ago, 154 million years ago.

Liu’s gambling and genomic data analysis shows that the fish actually prepared the bones of their magnificent hearing while in the sea.

Only after he moved to fresh water of two separate tissues, fully actively developed better hearing: one was developed in today’s catfish, knife fish and African and South American tetra. The other is produced in the largest order of fresh water fish, carp, sucking, mans and zebra fish.

“The marine environment is a cavity of many,” said Liu, an Assistant Administant Professor of Integrative Biology at the UC Museum of Pilotology.

“For a long time, the consensus was that the same sweet water of these Bonnie fish was actually in the large continental panjia and then dispersed with the separation of different continents.

“Some of my team’s wonderful analysis, which sheds new light on the evolutionary date of freshwater fish and yielded completely different results: the recent common ancestors of Otophicen Fish was a sea lineage and was at least two freshwater invaders after the separation of this lineage.”

He added that our understanding of evolutionary history and the complex biogography of the most successful group of freshwater fish has been renovated.

“These frequent attacks in freshwater at the beginning of the turning point potentially intensified speculation, and modern freshwater animals are key factors in explaining the extraordinary hypertension of otophysin.”

Liu and his colleagues described and named 67 million -year -old Fusil Fish, Econths McConoi, in a journal published in the journal. Science. In this article, researchers analyze the genome and morphology of modern fish to revise the 3D scans and freshwater fish prescriptions of the fossil structure, and also follow the frequency reaction of the middle ear structure of the fossil fish.

A Rob Goldberg -like structure in the middle ear

Underwater ears require different anatomy from ears that detect the sound traveling through the air. Many earth’s rashes developed a similar structure, which is vibrant in response to the waves of sound. It transmits a row of bones in the middle ear in the middle ear to a row like Goldberg.

But the sound waves in the water are straightened through fish, which has a density like water. So the fish produced a bladder full of air – especially a bubble – which is vibration in response to the sounds that pass through the fish. These vibrations are mostly transferred to the inner ear of the fish in a salty water fish, which limits their hearing to a boss note below about 200 Hz.

Otophyson fish, however, developed bony “oxcles” between the bladder of the air – is often incorrectly known as the bladder of swimming. For example, zebra fish can hear the frequency of up to 15,000 Hz, which is not far beyond the range of humans.

Why these fish need to be heard of high frequencies, though this may be because they live in a diverse and complex environment, from sharp streams to static lakes.

Liu studied the apparatus in living and fossil fish, and last year a computer is published how the apparatus works. Due to this imitation she allows the frequency response to Bonnie Ossicles, and thus the sensitivity of fish hearing.

Numerous samples of the newly designated fossil fish, which is only 2 inches tall, were excavated and deposited in Alberta, Canada, more than six field season, which began in 2009, by Columbus State University’s Authest and co -author of Columbus State University in Georgia.

The fossils have been placed in the Royal Ticker Museum of Alberta’s Drum Heller. A couple of patterns were so well saved that the bones in the middle ear were clearly worst. The fish is an Otophysian fish, or the oldest North America’s gospel, which begins for a long period of cratesis, just a short time from the disappearance of a non -avan dinosaur.

Liu said the old samples were found elsewhere in the world, but no one was well -versed by the apparatus.

At the University of Saskichovan, Saskatone and at McGill University in Montreal, technicians occupied the 3DX -ray scans through Canada light, and Liu in his laboratory modeling the Oscal of Wooma apparatus. The model shows that even 67 million years ago, Otophyson fish today heard sensitive hearing like zebra fish.

“We were not sure if it was completely Wooma apparatus, but it was denied,” Liu said. “Wooma apparatus has a slight output power, which means less sensitivity than zebra fish.

He noted that these results highlight a general sample in evolution: the sudden increase in new species can arise from repeated attacks in the new residence rather than a single dispersed event, especially when combined with new innovations, such as more sensitive hearing.

“For a long time, we thought that Otophic’s perhaps is probably the origin of freshwater because the group contains almost exclusive especially freshwater fish,” said Newbri. “New species have provided important information for a new interpretation of the evolutionary routes of Otophic with maritime origin. This is just as much meaningful.”

Other co -authors to the article are Donald Burinkman of the Royal Ticker Museum, Alberta University’s Allison Murray, former UC Berkeley Undergraduate Zhua Chow, who is now a graduate student at Michigan State University, and London, London, London, London, London, and Liaz Benjez, London, London.